Author: Clarissa Guiao

The anxiety of learning English as a second language, and the challenges non-English speakers face

Elise Hearst
Elise Hearst | 1 Apr 2019

I said, “Do you speak-a my language?”
He just smiled and gave me a Vegemite sandwich

 

Triggered by unfamiliar sounds, different cultural expressions, and fear of making mistakes, have you ever felt that rush of nerves when speaking in English? You’re not alone. Recent studies show over 30% of international students experience foreign language anxiety.
Foreign language anxiety (FLA), is defined as a feeling of apprehension or fear associated with communicating in a foreign language.
Learning English as a second language is undoubtedly tough, especially for international students who are already facing the challenges of living and studying in a new country. FLA can manifest in a variety of ways, such as nervousness, self-doubt, and avoidance of speaking or writing in the new language.
It can have a significant impact on language learning, making it difficult to focus, absorb information, and perform well in class and on assignments.
However, there are a number of things that international students can do to manage Foreign Language Anxiety and improve their language learning experience.

Exploring the Depths of Foreign Language Anxiety 

Foreign language anxiety refers to the fear, nervousness, or uneasiness experienced by individuals when using or learning a foreign language. It can stem from a variety of factors, such as the fear of making mistakes, being judged by others, or feeling like an outsider due to communication difficulties. These anxieties can have a profound effect on the learning experience and overall language proficiency.

If you’re an international student, you likely experience anxiety when speaking English. According to research, over 25% of university students in Australia are international, with the largest groups coming from China, India, and other Asian countries. 

While the classroom provides some structure, outside interactions can be unpredictable, making it hard to convey what you really mean or understand what’s going on. This anxiety often continues even after graduating as you enter the workforce.

Many hope to gain permanent residency, but to do so, you must meet English language requirements. This could add to the pressure of learning an entirely different language in an entirely different environment from where you grew up. 

Unmasking the Culprit: Common Triggers of Language Anxiety

According to studies, anxiety from learning a foreign language can have damaging effects and impact your ability to master the new language. A 2006 study by Lindy Woodrow found that for some students, the anxiety experienced when speaking English was debilitating. 

a girl who feels afraid of being misjudgedAs an international student in Australia, the thought of speaking English in social situations can trigger feelings of anxiety and stress. Common triggers include:

Speaking with native English speakers. Whether it’s chatting with your professor or ordering coffee, conversing with native speakers when English isn’t your first language can be nerve-wracking. You may worry about misunderstandings, not being able to express yourself clearly, or saying something incorrectly.

Presenting or speaking up in group settings. Having to present in front of classmates or speak up during a team meeting when you’re still learning the language can be anxiety-provoking. Fear of judgment from others, difficulty articulating your thoughts, or general discomfort being the center of attention are all contributing factors.

The Influence of Foreign Language Anxiety on the Learning Journey

Learning a new language can be an exciting and rewarding journey, but it can also come with its fair share of challenges. 

For international students, foreign language anxiety can be particularly challenging. Being in a foreign country, away from their native language and familiar culture, can intensify their anxieties. These students may struggle with adapting to a different learning environment, understanding cultural subtleties, and forming connections. 

The anxiety often stems from three main factors:

 

  • Difficulty navigating unpredictable social and workplace situations where English is required
  • Struggling to convey their meaning due to limited language skills
  • Feeling anxious when speaking in group settings or to native English speakers because of fear of being judged. 

Their anxiety can hinder their ability to fully engage in classroom activities, participate in discussions, and ask questions, ultimately affecting their language learning progress.

Some specific ways in which foreign language anxiety can affect learning are: 

 

Cognitive impairment: Anxiety when learning English as a second language can interfere with cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving. This can make it difficult for learners to acquire new language knowledge and skills.

Communication avoidance: Learners with FLA may avoid speaking and writing in a foreign language for fear of making mistakes or being judged negatively. This can limit their opportunities to practice and improve their language skills.

Reduced motivation: Language learning anxiety can lead to a loss of motivation to learn a foreign language. International students learning English may feel discouraged and give up if they feel anxious and stressed about learning.

Students who experience high levels of FLA are more likely to have poorer grades and lower overall proficiency in the foreign language.

A student experiencing foreign language anxiety asks for help

Here are some examples of how anxiety cripples effective language learning: 

  • A student who is anxious about speaking in a foreign language may be less likely to participate in class discussions or activities. This can lead to missed opportunities to practice and improve their speaking skills.
  • International students who are anxious about learning English and are conscious about making mistakes may be afraid to ask questions or volunteer to answer them in class. This can make it difficult to learn from their mistakes and improve their understanding of the material.
  • An anxious student being evaluated may avoid taking risks in their foreign language learning. This can make it difficult to develop fluency and confidence in the language.

By understanding the factors that contribute to foreign language anxiety, we can take the steps to minimize them. Students will then have a better chance of overcoming their fears, mastering English, and adapting to their new cultural surroundings. Reducing anxiety and improving confidence in using English will empower international students to fully participate in Australian society.

 

In professional circumstances there are many great communication solutions available which can be used to improve engagement with your non-native speakers, and address the inherent deficit in their ability to access your services.

 

A 2006 paper delivered by Lindy Woodrow (Honorary Senior Lecturer in TESOL¹, University of Sydney) details the results from her study about foreign language anxiety. Woodrow looked at students in their final months of studying English, prior to enrolling in university courses in Australia. The study revealed that learning English as a second language can be a negative and potentially damaging experience both in and out of the classroom (Woodrow, 2006). This may impact a learner’s capacity to master their new language and achieve confidence in handling day-to-day communications.

¹Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages

“Anxiety experienced in communication in English can be debilitating”

Lindy Woodrow

 

Strategies to Tame Foreign Language Jitters In Classroom

As an international student learning English in Australia, feeling some anxiety in the classroom is completely understandable. 

Managing foreign language anxiety in the classroom can be challenging, but there are effective strategies that can help both students and teachers cope with this common issue and here are some of them: 
  • Identify your triggers. What are the specific situations that cause you anxiety? Once you identify your triggers, you can start developing coping mechanisms.
  • Practice your presentation beforehand. Repeating your presentation out loud, ideally to another person, will boost your confidence for the actual presentation. Hearing yourself speak the words will make you more comfortable with the material.
  • Focus on your message, not perfection. Don’t aim to speak perfect English without any mistakes. Focus instead on conveying your key message or main points. Your proficiency will improve over time, so avoid being too self-critical.
  • Build rapport with your teacher and classmates. Having a good relationship with your teacher and fellow students will make you feel more at ease speaking in class. Try introducing yourself, smiling, making eye contact and engaging in casual conversations before and after class.
  • Ask questions. Don’t stay silent if you have a question about an assignment, discussion topic or presentation. Asking questions will clarify any confusion you have and allow you to participate more fully and confidently. Your teacher and classmates will appreciate your questions too.
  • Take breaks. When anxiety arises, step back. Shake things up by moving around or doing something you enjoy.
  • Reward yourself. When you achieve a language learning goal, reward yourself. This will help you stay motivated and boost your confidence.

The classroom is a perfect place to strengthen your English speaking skills in a supportive environment. Focus on preparation, building connections and self-care strategies to help overcome feelings of anxiety. The more you practice speaking, the more your confidence will grow. With time and experience, interacting in English will feel second nature.

Building Confidence Speaking English Beyond Classroom

Building confidence in speaking English outside the classroom is essential for language learners aiming to enhance their communication skills. 

Practicing speaking English in real-world situations will help you improve your fluency, pronunciation, and grammar. Immersing yourself in these situations will help boost your confidence in your ability to communicate in English over time. 

Practice Makes Perfect

The more you speak English, the more comfortable you’ll feel. Strike up casual conversations with classmates, neighbors, or coworkers. Ask open-ended questions to keep the discussion going. Join local social or interest groups to meet new people and get used to conversing comfortably. Don’t be afraid to make mistakes – focus on listening, understanding and being understood. With regular practice, your anxiety will subside.

Start Small and Build Up

Don’t throw yourself into anxiety-inducing situations right away. Start with low-key interactions like ordering coffee or asking for directions, then work your way up to lengthier conversations. Give presentations in front of friends or family before larger groups. Take opportunities to speak up at work in meetings or with colleagues. Each experience will increase your self-assurance for the next one.

Focus on Your Message

When speaking in public or to native English speakers, focus on the message you want to convey rather than your language ability. Prepare thoroughly and know your material inside and out. Connect with your audience by making eye contact and speaking clearly. Their reactions or judgment of your English are secondary to communicating your key points. Staying focused on your goal will boost your confidence from within.

Learn Cultural Cues

Familiarize yourself with Australian English expressions, customs and body language. The more you understand the cultural context, the more comfortable you’ll feel interacting with native speakers. Watch TV shows, read books, newspapers and magazines to pick up common phrases and sayings. Knowing what to expect in various situations will ease anxiety and allow your personality to shine through.

Record Yourself Speaking English

This is a valuable tool for tracking your progress and pinpointing areas for improvement. It can also be helpful to listen back to your recordings and get feedback from a native speaker or teacher.

So don’t be afraid to put yourself in anxiety-inducing scenarios – each experience will decrease your stress and increase your self-assurance. You’ve got this, mate! Keep at it and before you know it, chatting with native English speakers will feel as natural as a bunnings sausage sizzle.

 

The Role of Educators and Schools in Easing The Grip of Anxiety

In tackling the issue of lowering anxiety related to learning a foreign language, it is critical to acknowledge the pivotal roles that educators and educational institutions play in this regard. Teachers provide pupils with safe, supportive environments in which to explore learning a new language. 

With international student populations increasing, it’s crucial for teachers and schools to consider cultural sensitivities and find ways to alleviate anxiety. 

Providing Emotional Support

  • Be aware of the signs of Foreign Language Anxiety. Signs can include sweating, trembling, blushing, and difficulty concentrating. If you see any of these signs in your students, be sure to offer them support and encouragement.
  • Reassure students that feeling anxious is normal and help them develop coping strategies. Let them know you understand what they’re going through.
  • Encourage students to use self-calming techniques like deep breathing, visualization, and positive self-talk. These can help students gain confidence in their abilities.

Promoting an Inclusive Learning Environment

  • Foster an open, welcoming classroom environment where students feel comfortable participating without fear of embarrassment. Call on students to answer questions or speak voluntarily instead of demanding responses.
  • Use a variety of teaching methods and activities. This helps to keep students engaged and motivated, and it also allows them to learn at their own pace. Teachers can also provide students with opportunities to use the language in a variety of contexts, such as through role-playing, simulations, and projects.
  • Play calming music during class or group activities. Soft instrumentals can help decrease stress and anxiety for both students and teachers.
  • Avoid creating a competitive environment. Competition can increase anxiety levels, so it is important for teachers to focus on creating a cooperative and supportive learning environment.
  • Incorporate mindfulness exercises like short meditation breaks. Taking time to pause and re-center can help students gain awareness and clarity, allowing them to better focus on the tasks at hand.

Improving Cultural Awareness

  • Learn about students’ cultural backgrounds and be sensitive to potential differences. Understand that anxiety may stem from unfamiliarity with Australian teaching styles or difficulty navigating cultural norms.
  • Provide opportunities for students to share information about their cultures and languages. Promoting inclusiveness and cultural exchange can help build rapport and ease anxiety.

Make Resources Available

  • Schools (especially those that offer TESOL) should provide adequate resources, such as language labs, multimedia materials, and conversational practice sessions, to bolster students’ language skills. 
  • Provide students with opportunities to interact with native speakers of the language they are learning. This could involve organising exchange programs, inviting native speakers to visit the classroom, or providing students with access to online resources where they can interact with native speakers.
  • Partner with a reliable language services provider who can offer a wide variety of assistance to international students such as content translation (for academic materials such as textbooks, articles, essays, and presentations), interpreting services, and language coaching. These can help students to understand their coursework and complete their requirements to a high standard while building their confidence in their speaking and writing abilities. 

Additionally, educational institutions can create school-wide policies and procedures that promote a positive and supportive learning environment for all students. This could include things like anti-bullying policies, diversity and inclusion initiatives, and mental health resources.

“Anxiety is clearly an issue in language learning and has a debilitating effect on speaking English for some”

Lindy Woodrow.

 

English words written on a blackboardThere are many rich linguistic resources available to both learners and organisations to lubricate interactions, improve engagement and reduce this inherent anxiety. For example, encouraging participation in social activities, accessing local council and library services, or utilising Non-English resources to build knowledge of and familiarity with services and procedures.

According to the Department of Education, universities are now seeking to diversify their international student population, with figures showing big increases in the numbers of students from Brazil and Colombia.

With the international student population growing, and also contributing to a significant number of permanent migrants to Australia every year, service providers should rethink their approach to non-English speaking customers.

It is important to take into account cultural sensitivities and potential anxieties, whilst actively seeking ways to improve the effectiveness of and appeal of client interface points. This will ultimately enhance client engagement, improve outcomes and contribute to a culture of inclusion – and that would be, well, bloody bonza mate.

Immerse in the Vibrancy of Your Local Community

Getting involved in your local community is one of the best ways to reduce foreign language anxiety and ease into Australian culture. Joining a local sports club, volunteering, or participating in community events are all great options.

Find a hobby or interest group

Look for groups in your area that match your hobbies or interests. This could be anything from a gardening club to a hiking meetup. Joining a casual group centered around an enjoyable activity takes the focus off language ability and lets you connect with others over shared interests. 

Participating in a hobby group in a low-pressure setting can help build your confidence in conversing and navigating unpredictable conversations.

Volunteer your time

Volunteering at a community organisation is a rewarding way to practice your English, gain valuable Australian work experience, and give back. Check with local charities, places of worship, hospitals, or animal shelters for opportunities. 

Assisting others through volunteer work can boost your self-esteem and motivation to improve your language skills. At the same time, the organisations benefit from your cultural diversity and language abilities in serving their communities.

Get out and explore

Make an effort to get out and participate in community festivals, markets, and events. Trying Aussie foods, listening to live music, and people-watching are all great ways to observe Australian culture in action while minimizing anxiety.

 Strike up a conversation with vendors or other attendees and ask questions – most will appreciate your interest in learning more about the local community. Familiarizing yourself with community happenings helps avoid confusion over procedures and expectations, which Woodrow notes as a source of stress for non-English speakers.

Getting involved in your neighborhood and surrounding community is vital for developing a sense of belonging in your new home. While it may feel uncomfortable at first, putting yourself in social situations and engaging with others is the best way to improve your English, gain cultural knowledge, and ultimately feel at ease living in Australia. Join a sports league, volunteer, explore festivals, and start conversations – you’ll be feeling like a local in no time!

Harnessing Support for Non-English Speakers

Utilising resources tailored for non-English speakers can help alleviate anxiety and ease the transition into Australian life. Many government and non-profit organisations offer services aimed at assisting migrants and international students.

Language Services – Seek out free or low-cost English classes in your area. Local councils, community colleges, and libraries frequently offer conversational English or English as a Second Language courses. 

Translation and Interpreting Assistance – Don’t hesitate to ask for help interpreting documents or navigating unfamiliar situations. Many hospitals, local councils, and community organisations provide translation services or employ bilingual staff. Don’t be afraid to speak up if you’re unsure of procedures or proper etiquette. It’s better to ask for clarification to avoid confusion or unintentionally offending someone.

Take advantage of the technology – There are many free resources available on the internet to help you in your language learning journey. For example, Find a Translation is a free multilingual search engine for translated resources and information. 

Connecting with Your Community – Expanding your social connections leads to greater life satisfaction and contentment in your new home. The key is not to remain isolated or solely rely on university resources. 

While the classroom environment is useful for learning English in a structured way, real-world interactions are necessary to achieve fluency and confidence. Don’t be afraid to utilise the many resources available to help non-English speakers integrate into Australian society.

Conclusion: 

As an international student, learning to manage language anxiety will help open doors for you. You’ll find conversing with others less intimidating and stressful, allowing you to truly immerse yourself in the language and culture. 

Focus on preparation, positive self-talk, and learning from your mistakes. 

Repetition leads to effortless performance. Before you know it, chatting with locals about the latest news or your hobbies will seem familiar. 

Overcoming language anxiety is challenging, but with the right mindset and practical strategies, you’ve got this! 

Remember, everyone feels nervous at times – what matters most is having the courage to try.

All Graduates is devoted to helping students succeed in their studies, and our services can play a vital role in alleviating foreign language anxiety. Our team of experienced translators and interpreters is highly qualified and experienced, and we pledge to provide students with the best possible support. 

We recognize that each student is unique, and we customize our services to meet their individual requirements.

We can help you to overcome your fears and achieve your academic goals.

 

References

  • ABS Australian Social Trends 2102.0 June 2009
  • https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.p df
  • Anxiety and Second/Foreign Language Learning Revisited by Ying Zheng, 2008
  • A Study of Language Anxiety among English Language Learners in Saudi Arabia by Badia Muntazer Hakim, 2019
  • Impact of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety on Higher Education Students Academic Success: Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence and Moderating Influence of Classroom Environment by Siyuan Han, Yiman Li, and Syed Arslan Haider, 2022

 

When your child asks for sushi in their lunchbox instead of a white bread vegemite sandwich, you know times have changed.

Elise Hearst
Elise Hearst | 25 Mar 2019

A stroll to your local shopping strip, or a scroll down your preferred food delivery app, reveals a lot about our nation’s culinary tastes, culinary language, and trends.

Fish and chips, charcoal chicken, burgers, and beer – once synonymous with Aussie culture, no longer dominate the restaurant and takeaway market.

They have been superseded by souvlakis, pizzas, and sushi; and more recently by curries, banh mi, and of course, the burrito (extra sour cream, extra guac – thanks). According to the data, Australians’ taste in food and culinary language has evolved beyond meat pies to something far more representative of our status as a prosperous, food-loving multicultural nation.

Market research analysts NPD declared in 2018 that ethnic fast food is the most popular cuisine among Australian millennials. It begs the question:

“In 2019, what is Australian food?”

 

Key Takeaways: 

 

  • Traditional Australian food like meat pies and fish and chips have been surpassed by a diverse range of international cuisines such as souvlakis, pizzas, sushi, curries, banh mi, and burritos. This reflects Australia’s status as a multicultural nation with evolving tastes.
  • Australian food has been heavily influenced by global trends and waves of migration. Dishes like pavlova, chicken parma, Dim Sim, and the Chiko Roll have roots in various cultural backgrounds but have been adopted and embraced by Australians.

 

You may as well ask “What does an Australian look like?” There’s no straightforward answer to either. Our palate is as diverse as the attendants at an Australian citizenship ceremony, or an AFL match (sorry, Rugby League if you’re from up north).

As the song goes: “We are one, but we are many, and from all the lands on earth we come.” Global trends and waves of migration have largely shaped our interest in food since colonial times.

We (Australians) named a beloved Australian summer dessert, the pavlova, after a visiting Russian dancer in the 1920s (sorry New Zealand, we know you contest its origin, but we’re still claiming it as our dessert).

An Italian eggplant dish inspired Australian pub classic the chicken parma. The Dim Sim (or “dimmie” as it’s often nicknamed) is a creation of a Chinese restaurateur in Melbourne in the 1940s. It has become as ubiquitous as Smiths Chips.

The Chiko Roll was born from a Bendigo boilermaker’s mind and debuted in Wagga Wagga, a far cry from the land of the spring roll. But surely, Australian food has to be more complex than a bit of meringue or a deep-fried dumpling?!

What does seem to be clear, is that since Australia began welcoming migrants from all backgrounds – regardless of race or religion – so too, have Australians embraced ethnic cuisines, and adapted them in our unique ways.

“I’ve always said that I think Australian food is defined by the many ethnic communities that have migrated to Australia and the way we have as a collective, embraced their cooking techniques, ingredients and style”

Australian Chef Dan Hong

 

Local takeaways changing, and cooking shows booming – both show our love for global flavors.

We can’t get enough of celebrity chefs – from Chinese-Australian Kylie Kwong to Greek-Australian George Calombaris, Malaysian-born Poh Ling Yeow to Vietnamese-Australian Luke Nguyen – and we are certainly happy to patronise their restaurants too.

Calombaris, of Masterchef fame, is now the owner of 20 restaurants offering his signature Greek cuisine. In fact, over the last four years, ethnic cuisines such as Mexican, Turkish, Indian, Greek, and Italian, have been the fastest growing foodservice categories, with sales increasing by 63%.

NPD attributes the rise in popularity to the active participation of millennials in food and restaurant culture. This comfort with multiculturalism defines millennials, likely more than past generations.

“Ethnic foods are fast becoming as Aussie as lamingtons and snags wrapped in sliced white bread.”

 

Key Takeaways: 

  • Australian culinary language has embraced ethnic cuisines, leading to the rise of restaurants owned by culturally diverse chefs and an increase in the popularity of cooking shows featuring diverse culinary talents.
  • Urban areas like Melbourne reflect multiculturalism through distinct cultural enclaves known for their cuisines. This has led to a willingness among locals and tourists to explore different neighborhoods for authentic tastes. 

Let’s explore Melbourne’s cosmopolitan character as a microcosm of multicultural Australia. We can actively observe how different geographical areas are defined by their unique cultural identities by doing this.

The Victorian capital city, once solely known for its Chinatown, now boasts many distinct areas. Each area thrives on its migrant communities and the unique cuisines they bring.

Locals and tourists alike are willing to travel far and wide in search of the next taste sensation. They’ll venture to Richmond just for a Vietnamese Pho, Footscray for Ethiopian injera, Oakleigh for a Greek Moussaka, Balaclava for a bagel, and Box Hill for Yum Cha.

Embracing immigrant foods reshapes language, identity, and fosters cultural appreciation and understanding. This results in immigrant languages and foods appearing in our day-to-day discourse and slang.

Think how quickly Australian culinary language can turn a food phrase into a colloquialism: sanger, barbie, smashed avo, barra, snag.

And think again about more recent incarnations of popular items on menus: sliders (mini burgers), bowls (rice, noodles), and wraps of any and every kind (falafel, burrito, souvlaki, – wrap it in gluten and we’ll eat it).

No need to take an expensive trip to Southeast Asia. Restaurants flagrantly use the terms “hawker food” or “street food” to intimate the authenticity of their offerings.

“Food is the ultimate tool in fostering conversation and understanding between cultures.”

 

Key Takeaways: 

  • Immigrant foods have reshaped the Australian language and national identity, with immigrant languages and foods becoming part of daily discourse and slang.
  • Food fosters conversation and understanding between cultures, prompting Australians to ask questions and learn about unfamiliar ingredients and traditions.
  • The rapid embrace of immigrant foods over the last decade demonstrates Australia’s capacity for tolerance and integration of a diverse multicultural landscape.

If anything, Australians’ relationship with food signals and culinary language is a shift in attitudes towards diverse cultures, races, and religions. Food encourages conversation and understanding.

Nick Temple, from Indigenous restaurant Charcoal Lane in Melbourne, says, “People talk about Australia not having a cuisine…

When you’re in a space where you don’t recognise half of the ingredients on your plate, you boldly ask questions. And that opens it up to more questions. It makes people recognise how much they don’t know about the country they live in.

“Food choices shape how we think, talk about it, and interact.“

The feel-good takeaway (excuse the pun) from all this?

Surging immigrant cuisine shows our nation’s welcoming spirit as cultures blend.

“What’s next on the menu?”

 

We could hypothesise about the next food trend till the cows (or vegan-friendly beef substitutes) come home. Ethnic foods, along with ethnic culture, now undoubtedly intertwine with our personal identity.

It reflects the core idea of Australia as a nation of battlers more than ever.  Each of us seeks a chance to flourish and succeed in a sometimes harsh and unforgiving physical and political climate.

The influx of migrants from various countries (South Sudan, etc.) promises exciting food trends.

Before long you’ll probably be wrapping your mouth around some new taste sensations. Then, the Australianisation of those new tastes, with accompanying slang drifting into common parlance.

So, pass the dead horse, and let’s go get some lunch.

“How have ethnic immigration trends impacted your business? Are you struggling to connect with culturally diverse communities?”

 

References
  • https://qsrmedia.com.au/research/news/aussies-spending-more-ethnic-restaurants-study-says
  • https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/11/12/are-we-any-closer-knowing-what-australian-f ood
  • https://mattersjournal.com/stories/swallowingourhistory
  • https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/apr/05/south-sudan-somalia-and-iran-excluded-from-one-of-australias-refugee-programs

Life is peppered with unexpected events...

Elise Hearst
Elise Hearst | 18 Mar 2019

As an immigrant in Australia, encountering language barriers is often an unavoidable part of life. However, for many businesses and organizations, overcoming these barriers is crucial to providing fair and equitable services. Professional interpreting services are essential tools that facilitate clear communication and ensure people from all backgrounds have equal access.

Studies show that qualified interpreters significantly improve comprehension for non-native speakers during complex or sensitive conversations. For skilled immigrants, interpreters can be the key to unlocking opportunities that would otherwise be inaccessible due to language alone. 

With nearly half of Australians either born overseas or with at least one parent born overseas, the impact of professional interpreting services on individuals and communities is huge.

For any organisation, making qualified interpreting services available is one of the most impactful ways to practice inclusion. It allows customers and clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds to fully participate, feel heard, and receive the same standard of care as native English speakers. 

In short, it is one of the most vital keys to equitable service delivery in our multicultural society.

“Language barriers have been identified as being the ​primary obstacle ​in providing effective, equitable and patient-safe care to patients with limited proficiency in a country’s majority language.”

(Jungner, 2018)

 

The Growing Diversity in Australia Calls for Equitable Services

As Australia’s cultural diversity grows, the demand for professional interpreting services is essential for equitable access to services.

The Growing Need for Interpreters

With over 300 languages spoken across Australia, including Indigenous languages, communication barriers are increasingly common. Nearly 1 in 4 Australians were born overseas, and international students make up a large portion of tertiary education. Judicial, medical, and government services all require interpreters to properly serve diverse populations.

  • In 2015, over 11,000 court hearings involved interpreters to ensure justice and understanding.
  • Studies show the quality and availability of medical interpreters vary widely, despite the critical nature of accurate communication in healthcare settings.
  • Alarmingly, 20% of GPs don’t see the need for professional interpreters to gain informed consent from patients with limited English.

When legal or medical terminology needs to be interpreted, unqualified interpreters may lack the ability to properly translate, risking miscommunication and inequitable outcomes.

Why Professional Interpreters Matter

Professional interpreters have the necessary certifications and training to handle the nuances of legal, medical, and social services communication. They are:

  • Less likely to make errors that compromise care or legal rights.
  • Best-equipped to interpret complex ideas and terminology.
  • Most impartial, avoiding selective interpretation based on personal beliefs.
  • Bound by industry standards of privacy, confidentiality, and accuracy.

With the stakes so high, professional interpreting services are crucial for an equitable, just, and inclusive society. Government, businesses, and organizations must make them readily available to properly serve Australia’s diverse communities. 

By fostering understanding across languages and cultures, professional interpreters help create a society in which people from all backgrounds can achieve equal outcomes and access to opportunity.

Mind the Language Gap –
lack of access to, and understanding of the importance of professional interpreter services

The word “Mind the Gap” written on the floor of a railway. A word “language” inserted between the words “the” and “gap”.

The Risks of Language Barriers in Critical Situations

As an organisation, it’s critical to understand the risks of language barriers in high-stakes situations. Without professional interpreting services, your linguistically diverse clients can face anxiety, confusion, and potentially dangerous outcomes.

  • Comprehension is key. Just because someone can decode words doesn’t mean they fully understand the meaning or implications. Legal contracts, medical consent forms, and important notices often contain complex language and unfamiliar terms. For low-literacy or non-English speakers, this creates a significant barrier to comprehension.
  • Using family members or friends as interpreters is unethical and can be illegal. They often lack proper training and may interpret selectively based on their own beliefs. In medical settings, this can lead to misdiagnosis, improper treatment, and adverse health events.
  • Anxiety and distress frequently result from communication difficulties. Speaking with native English speakers alone can provoke anxiety in non-English speakers. Add in confusing procedures or legal matters and their distress escalates. It is an organization’s duty to avoid unintentionally causing harm by ensuring clear communication through professional interpreting services.
  • Equitable service delivery requires professional interpreters. They have the skills and training to properly interpret medical, legal, and social services terminology. Studies show professional interpreters improve care, reduce errors, and are vital for just outcomes. With Australia’s growing linguistically diverse population, professional interpreting is crucial to equitable access for all.

By understanding these risks and providing professional language services, you can gain your clients’ trust, improve outcomes, and ensure fair access regardless of language or cultural background. 

In today’s global community, that is the hallmark of an equitable, inclusive organization.

Professional Interpreters Enable Accurate Communication

Professional interpreters are essential for providing equitable services to clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. 

Studies show that “Professional interpreters are the most skilled in medical interpretation, the least likely to make errors, and the only type of interpreter associated with overall improvement of care for patients with limited English proficiency.”

Using unqualified interpreters like family members can lead to “higher rates of clinically significant errors … and may interpret selectively to fit their own beliefs.”

“Professional interpreters are the most skilled in medical interpretation, the least likely to make errors, and the only type of interpreter associated with overall improvement of care for patients with limited English proficiency.”

(Schenker, Lo, Ettinger & Fernandez, 2017)

 

Relying on children or relatives to interpret can be extremely traumatic for all involved. 

Professional interpreters have the necessary training, skills, and certification to accurately convey complex ideas between languages. They understand industry terminology and procedures, enabling clear communication and comprehension.

For many immigrants and refugees in Australia, English is not their first language. Professional interpreters help close the language gap and provide equitable access to services by facilitating understanding between clients and organisations. 

They play an important role in establishing consent, delivering justice, and supporting positive outcomes for linguistically diverse communities.

Using qualified interpreters is vital for any firm committed to accessible, equitable service delivery and caring for clients from non-English speaking backgrounds.

Professional interpreters enable accurate communication and comprehension, which is key to closing the language gap and providing culturally appropriate care.

“Family members often have ​inadequate l​ anguage skills, resulting in higher rates of clinically significant errors … and may interpret selectively to fit their own beliefs.”

(Schenker, Lo, Ettinger & Fernandez, 2017)

 

 

Take a situation where the non-English speaker is a patient in a hospital where rapid decisions need to be made – an extremely confronting and stressful experience for both patient and family. Research from Sweden and America tells us that the quality, availability of, and access to interpreters varies widely amongst institutions (Schenker, Lo, Ettinger & Fernandez, 2017) (Jungner, 2018). Within the medical field, there is a concerning belief that using family members or untrained bilingual staff is an adequate means of communication. Alarming estimates suggest that 20% of Australian GPs do not consider it necessary to use a qualified interpreter to gain informed consent (Promoting the Engagement, 2013).

In the federal court system where there is a necessity for a high professional standard, there is a preference for NAATI-accredited interpreters. Unfortunately, they are not always available, resulting in the use of interpreters who may not have the adequate skills to interpret and reconstitute legal jargon (Perry & Zornada, 2015).

The risk of miscommunication, the risk of a lack of parity of meaning, is significant in both of these scenarios and certainly applies to other fields including welfare, aged care, and government service delivery. When the non-qualified interpreter does not have adequate certifications and lacks the ability to convey terminology or procedure, or where a cultural barrier exists that inhibits them from discussing certain topics, there is a worrying potential for severe ethical issues and inequity of outcome.

 

“In one documented case, a child of 10 years, suffered a severe post-traumatic stress reaction that saw her hospitalised for eight months; ​one of the triggers was being used as an interpreter between her family and medical staff​ for her younger sibling, who died of renal failure at the age of 13 months.”

Promoting the Engagement of Interpreters in Victorian Health Services, 2013.

Qualified Interpreters Improve Outcomes and Reduce Costs

Using properly trained interpreters is vital for businesses and organisations to provide equal services to customers from non-English speaking backgrounds.

Equity means giving people what they need to have equal opportunities and outcomes. For those with communication difficulties, equity requires enabling them to achieve the same level of positive results as others.

Professional interpreters have the proper training, certification, and ability to interpret complex ideas accurately. They are familiar with industry terminology and procedures. 

In healthcare, the quality and availability of interpreters vary widely between institutions. 

Alarmingly, some studies show that a fifth of doctors do not think it necessary to use a qualified interpreter for informed consent. In courts, while accredited interpreters are preferred, they are not always available, risking misunderstandings and unequal justice.

A professional interpreting services helps a Japanese client understand the meeting

Failure to provide professional interpreters in healthcare, welfare, aged care, education, and government can have dire consequences. There is a significant risk of miscommunication, lack of shared meaning, and inability to discuss sensitive topics. This threatens privacy, ethics, and equal outcomes, especially for migrants, refugees, and indigenous groups.

Using qualified interpreters improves communication, health literacy, and outcomes. It reduces costs from medical errors, unnecessary tests, and longer hospital stays. Most importantly, it upholds the human right to understand and be understood. 

For equitable service in our diverse, multicultural society, professional interpreting is not an optional extra but an essential investment.

Strategies to Improved Comprehension for Skilled Immigrants

As an immigrant in Australia, navigating unfamiliar systems and achieving your goals can be challenging when there are language barriers. And while professional interpreting services are critical for equitable access and outcomes, here are some strategies to help improve your comprehension on your own: 

Ask questions

Don’t be afraid to ask the speaker to clarify or rephrase to help you understand better. Say something like, “Could you please explain that in another way?” or “I’m not sure I fully understood. Can you give an example?” Asking follow-up questions shows you are engaged and interested in comprehending the information.

Paraphrase and summarise

Repeat back parts of what the speaker said in your own words to confirm your understanding. For example, say “So to summarise, you’re saying…?” or “To paraphrase, the main points are…?” This ensures accurate message delivery and allows the speaker to address any misunderstandings.

Take notes

Write down key terms, main ideas, dates, numbers, names, etc. as the speaker talks. Review your notes afterward to cement your learning and see if anything needs clarification. Notes provide a reference for later review.

Request written information

Don’t rely solely on verbal communication. Ask for any handouts, documents, website links, or other written materials to complement what was said. The combination of listening and reading boosts comprehension.

Review and reflect

Set aside time after the communication to think about what was discussed and how it impacts you. Try to connect new information to what you already know. Look up any unfamiliar words or concepts. The more you actively engage with the content, the more you will retain and understand.

Following these strategies will empower you to have more constructive conversations, make well-informed decisions, and access various services. Don’t hesitate to let organisations know if you need an interpreter or have any other needs to facilitate clear communication. 

Your participation and initiative are equally important.

Creating Accessibility for CALD Groups Requires a Holistic Approach

Creating accessibility for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) groups calls for a comprehensive and coordinated approach. 

Experts say that Australia needs to change its communication practices to make complex systems more accessible and achieve positive outcomes for everyone.

A Combination of Solutions

A combination of solutions, like professional interpreters, pre-recorded audio, and new technologies can help bridge the gap. While artificial intelligence and machine translation have a role to play, human interpreters are still needed for nuanced, complex conversations.

Pre-recorded audio in multiple languages can effectively convey routine information and procedures, especially for those with low literacy or vision impairment. Multilingual messaging services are helping make services more accessible and equitable. Research shows that inadequate translation is linked to higher healthcare costs.

A Shared Responsibility

Providing equitable service to CALD groups is a shared responsibility. Companies and organizations must ensure clients fully comprehend their rights and responsibilities. This means communicating in clear, easy-to-understand language, and engaging professional interpreters whenever needed to prevent harm. 

“Equity is the absence of preventable differences among groups of people”

(World Health Organization, 1948).

 
Equity, in relation to language services, refers to enabling those with communication deficits to achieve the same level of favourable outcomes as those without deficits.
 
An illustration showing the difference between equality and equity
 

Life’s challenges are hard enough to navigate without the added burden of a language barrier. By addressing this barrier through a combination of human and technological solutions, we can work towards equity for all.

Pre-Recorded Audio Can Bridge Gaps When Interpreters Are Unavailable

Professional interpreter services should be an essential part of any organization’s communication strategy, especially when servicing clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. While technology like AI and machine translation have come a long way, human interpreters are still necessary to convey meaning accurately and build trust.

There are times when live interpreters simply can’t be engaged, often due to availability, cost, or the nature of the communication. In these cases, pre-recorded audio messaging in the client’s native language can help bridge the gap.

Audio recordings have several benefits over written translations:

  • They are more accessible for people with low literacy or vision impairment.
  • The tone and pacing can be tailored to the audience and subject matter.
  • Messages can be delivered across multiple channels like phone, SMS and mobile apps.
  • They prevent the over-reliance on family members, especially children, to interpret in sensitive situations.

What You Can Do

 

As an organisation or business, make equitable access to information and services for your linguistically diverse clients a priority. Some suggestions:

  • Engage accredited interpreters whenever possible for two-way communication.
  • Use multilingual audio messaging services to provide key information in the client’s language.
  • Train staff in cultural competency and how to work with interpreters.
  • Offer documents and forms in the most common languages of your client base.
  • Build strong relationships with local cultural groups and community leaders.

Life is full of challenges, and navigating complex systems in an unfamiliar language only adds to the difficulty. By making communication accessible through human and technological means, organizations can truly achieve equitable outcomes for all.

Organisations Have an Ethical Duty to Reduce Inequity

As Australia’s population becomes increasingly diverse, organizations must provide equitable services for all. For immigrant communities and those with limited English proficiency, language barriers can prevent full understanding and access. Using professional interpreters is key to overcoming these obstacles and reducing inequity.

However, many factors block the use of professional interpreters, including cost, lack of awareness about their importance, and the belief that bilingual staff or families can interpret. This creates risky situations for those with limited English.

To achieve equity, organisations must make professional interpreters available whenever communicating complex or sensitive information. They owe this duty of care to immigrant communities to enable full understanding and participation. 

Reducing language barriers also helps diminish systemic discrimination that can negatively impact health, education, employment, and legal outcomes.

Overall, professional interpreters play a vital role in an equitable, just, and inclusive society. Organizations should work to provide and promote these critical services. By doing so, they take an important step towards closing the gap for linguistically diverse groups.

Multilingual messaging services such as LiME are paving the way for equitable service delivery, by delivering pre-recorded audio across multiple communication channels.

 

Partnering With Language Service Providers for Culturally Sensitive Support

Partnering with professional language service providers is key to delivering culturally sensitive support for your diverse client base.

Qualified Interpreters Improve Outcomes

Engaging accredited interpreters helps minimize communication barriers for your non-English speaking clients while also reducing risks. 

For example, without a professional interpreter, a doctor explaining a treatment plan or seeking informed consent could be misinterpreted, and a patient may misunderstand post-operative care instructions or medication side effects. 

Similarly, legal counsel should ensure clients fully comprehend their rights and obligations before signing official documents.

professional interpreting services: a male and a female interpreter in action

Technology Supports Equitable Service

While technology like AI and machine translation has made progress, human interpreters remain necessary for nuanced, empathetic communication in sensitive contexts. However, technology does have a role to play in supporting interpreter services and equitable access.

For example, providing information in audio format, in addition to written communications, helps address issues of low literacy or vision impairment. Multilingual messaging services that deliver pre-recorded audio across multiple channels can convey key information to non-English speakers efficiently while freeing up interpreters for interactive dialog.

A combination of human and technological solutions allows organizations to prevent repetition, reduce costs, and improve outcomes. According to research, inadequate language services correlate with higher healthcare costs, so a holistic approach makes practical sense.

With a growing immigrant population and over 300 languages spoken in Australia, including Indigenous languages, professional language services are vital for fair and just service delivery across sectors. 

By partnering with accredited providers and leveraging supportive technologies, your organization can truly achieve equity and culturally sensitive support for all clients.

Conclusion:

Everyone deserves to be understood and respected when accessing any service or participating fully in your community. Professional interpreting services are a must to achieve this and uphold basic human rights. 

Now that you’ve learned about the many benefits of professional interpreters, don’t settle for less. Insist that any organisation you interact with provides skilled interpreters to facilitate clear communication and meaningful engagement. Your voice and experience matter. 

With the help of interpreters, language barriers can be overcome and equitable access achieved so you receive the same high-quality service as any other resident. You have the power to advocate for your needs and the needs of others in your community. 

Professional interpreting services should be the norm, not the exception so that we can work towards a truly inclusive society.

 

What can you do to create equity for your customers from non-English speaking backgrounds?

 

References

  • Schenker, Y., Wang, F., Selig, S.J. et al. J GEN INTERN MED (2007) 22(Suppl 2): 294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0359-1
  • How can I support a culturally and linguistically diverse person with a mental health condition?  From NSW Health
  • Engaging with culturally and linguistically diverse communities to reduce the impact of depression and anxiety: a narrative review by Amy E. Z. Baker PhD BHlthSc(Hons)(OccTh) BAppSc(OccTh), et.al, 2015

From humble beginnings as Radio Ethnic Australia in 1975, to a multiplatform, internationally-renowned broadcaster and the world's most linguistically diverse radio network.

Elise Hearst
Elise Hearst | 11 Mar 2019

Multilingual media is a vital part of Australian society, and SBS Radio has played a leading role in its development.

Have you ever wondered how it became mainstream in Australia? 

It all started in the 1970s thanks to a quixotic politician named Al Grassby. SBS Radio has been instrumental in promoting social unity and inclusiveness. It’s how one person’s vision helped create a more harmonious and connected society. 

This article explores the important facts about how Al Grassby and SBS Radio pioneered multilingual media in Australia.

SBS Radio aims to inform, educate, and entertain multilingual communities and promote social cohesion and inclusiveness.

 

Request a Quote Now

 

What Is SBS Radio and What Does SBS Stand For?

SBS stands for Special Broadcasting Service, Australia’s multicultural and multilingual public broadcaster. SBS reflects the cultural expansion and continuing success of the “melting pot” that is Australia – a linguistically diverse, vibrant, multicultural society. Its popularity is driven by a mission to provide access to high-quality media content to all “regardless of geography, age, cultural background or language skills”.

SBS has firmly planted itself as an ethnically diverse, inclusive, multilingual media pioneer on the world stage. Our increasingly diverse and interconnected world demands non-English, multi-platform communication.

The range of languages reflects Australia’s cultural diversity. SBS Radio aims to inform, educate, and entertain multilingual communities and promote social cohesion and inclusiveness.

SBS Radio has come a long way since it was launched in 1975. It now produces over 74 radio programs in 68 languages, reaching diverse communities across Australia. It has become an integral service for many new and emerging migrant communities. SBS Radio, along with SBS TV, reflects how Australia has embraced multiculturalism.

It aims to promote understanding between Australia’s many ethnic groups and foster inclusiveness. Al Grassby and Gough Whitlam’s vision of a multilingual broadcaster has enriched Australia’s media landscape.

The Visionary Behind It: Al Grassby and Multiculturalism

Al Grassby wearing a Mexican hatAfter the Second World War, Australia’s population boomed due to changes in immigration policy, with the government (at last) accepting new migrants from non-Anglo backgrounds. Radio and television, however, were slow to reflect the fast-changing identity of Australian society.

In 1973, the Immigration Minister Al Grassby, who would later play a fundamental role in the formation of SBS, remarked:

 

 

“How often do our television screens reflect anything like the variety of migrant groups encountered in a real-life stroll through our city streets?”

 

Albert Jaime Grassby was the visionary behind the creation of SBS Radio. As the Minister for Immigration in the Whitlam Government during the 1970s, Grassby was a champion for multiculturalism and improving government services for migrants. 

He believed Australia’s cultural diversity was a strength, not a weakness, and that promoting inclusiveness and harmony between ethnic groups should be a key goal.

Grassby advocated for more foreign language programs on the ABC and additional funding for ethnic community media. However, ABC was reluctant to increase multilingual content, claiming that its charter focused on English-language programming.

Grassby realized that a new public broadcaster dedicated to multicultural and multilingual programming was needed. His lobbying and vision were instrumental in the establishment of the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) in 1975.

The Launch of SBS Radio in 1975

On June 9, 1975, a groundbreaking initiative known as Radio Ethnic Australia laid the foundation for what would become one of Australia’s most respected and influential media organizations. 

A portrait of Al Grassby, the visionary behind SBS radio and multilingual media

Al Grassby, the Commissioner of Community Relations at the time when it started, advocated for the addition of ethnic radio programs. In 1975, SBS began trialing five-minute radio programs in Italian, Greek, and Arabic. Their target audiences very well received these short segments. SBS Radio then started expanding its range of languages and program lengths. 

The new radio stations would broadcast 7 languages in Sydney on 2EA and 8 languages in Melbourne on 3EA, explaining the new Medibank scheme. Whilst only intended to be a vehicle for disseminating important messages about federal healthcare, the stations proved to be hugely popular. 

Australia’s new migrants were longing to hear familiar stories and news from their homelands and to be communicated within the languages they best understood.

What began as a 3-month trial would lead to the government’s establishment of the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) for radio in 1978.

What started on the radio, extends to the TV

 

In 1980, SBS television first aired in Sydney and Melbourne and SBS broadcast radio programs in 15 languages for over 30 hours a week. The audience had spoken. Their enthusiasm for the station was undeniable.

By 1985, SBS was available in every Australian Capital City, cementing it as one of the five channels available on free-to-air television and radio. In the years following, the network established its reputation for outstanding international journalism, current affairs, as well as Indigenous content, and international cinema. 

It would acquire the rights to cover key international sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup, cementing its position as the go-to place for global sports including soccer, cycling, and the Olympics.

World News presenters such as Mary Kostakidis, Helen Kapalos, Lee Lin Chin, and Anton Enus would become household names, whilst reflecting the diversity of an ever-changing nation. Finally, the faces on our screens were beginning to mirror the “real life” that Immigration Minister Al Grassby had poignantly observed as missing from our televised media.

Today, the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) continues to shape the landscape of multicultural media, captivate audiences with its diverse programming, and offer a platform for underrepresented voices to be heard.

For the first time in the Australian media landscape, people from non-English speaking backgrounds were not only being heard, they were the recipients of content that was created specifically for them.

 

A Lifeline for Migrant Communities

For newly arrived migrants in the 1970s, SBS Radio was a lifeline. It allowed them to stay connected with news and current affairs in their native languages. They could also share information relevant to their local communities in Australia. SBS Radio gave many migrants a sense of familiarity in an otherwise foreign environment.

Over the decades, SBS Radio has become an integral platform for cultural exchange and community building.

By reflecting Australia’s cultural diversity, SBS Radio helps migrants maintain their language and traditions, as well as develop their identity as Australians.

SBS Radio’s Multilingual Programming

SBS Radio started with programs in eight languages – Italian, Greek, Arabic, Turkish, Spanish, German, Croatian, and Serbian. Today, SBS Radio broadcasts in over 60 languages, making it one of the most linguistically diverse radio networks in the world. Some of the major language groups include:

  • Chinese (Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien)
  • Arabic
  • Vietnamese
  • Hindi
  • Korean
  • Somali
  • Punjabi
  • Dari and Hazaragi

 

Request a Quote Now

 

SBS Radio aims to celebrate Australia’s cultural diversity and connect communities through sharing information, stories, and music. Programs cover news and current affairs, music, culture, religion, and entertainment. Over two-thirds of content is locally produced, with programs made both in-house and in partnership with community organizations.

SBS Radio has over one million listeners each week, predominantly from non-English speaking backgrounds. Surveys show the majority of listeners tune in daily to access news, information, and entertainment in their native language and connect to their cultural heritage. 

For many older Australians from migrant backgrounds, SBS radio is their primary source of news and information.

SBS Radio’s multilingual and multicultural programming has been crucial for social connection in Australia. It has given a voice to marginalized communities, helped new migrants adapt to life in Australia, and enabled connections between diverse cultural groups.

 

The Growth of SBS Radio Over the Years

SBS Radio has grown tremendously since its inception in 1975. What began as a few hours of programming each week in a handful of languages has expanded to a 24-hour service broadcasting in over 60 languages.

an old radio used in the 1970s

Expanding Language Offerings

In the early days, SBS Radio only broadcast in a few major languages like Greek, Italian, Spanish, and Turkish. Today, SBS Radio aims to serve diverse multicultural communities across Australia by providing content in many languages from Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Some of the more recently added languages include Dinka, Kirundi, Rohingya, and Hakha Chin.

Reaching More Listeners

Originally, SBS Radio could only be accessed on AM/FM radio in a few major cities. Now, SBS Radio is available across Australia on DAB+ digital radio, online at sbs.com.au/radio, via the SBS Radio app, and on DTV channels. 

SBS Radio also live streams all channels, so people can listen anytime on their connected devices. These expanded distribution channels have allowed SBS Radio to reach many more listeners.

Valuing Input from Communities

SBS Radio has been committed to community consultation from the beginning. It aims to understand the needs of multicultural communities and deliver content that is relevant and meaningful. SBS Radio actively seeks input from community members and leaders to help shape programming in different languages. 

Community advisory groups provide feedback on issues like content, presentation, and scheduling.

SBS Radio has achieved remarkable growth over four decades, overcoming many challenges along the way. 

 By staying true to its mission of inclusiveness and diversity, SBS Radio continues to serve new generations of Australians from non-English speaking backgrounds.

 

Other SBS Radio Channels and Services

SBS Radio broadcasts a variety of multilingual and multicultural radio channels in addition to their mainstream stations.

SBS Hindi

This channel provides news, current affairs, culture, music, and entertainment to Hindi speakers across Australia. It features programs on politics, business, social issues, arts, culture, and community news.

SBS Arabic24

SBS Arabic24 radio delivers news, information, culture, and entertainment for Arabic speakers in Australia 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It features live news coverage, analysis of current events, cultural programs, sports news, documentaries, music, and community information.

SBS Chinese

This channel serves Chinese communities across Australia with programs on news, current affairs, culture, music, and community information in Mandarin and Cantonese. It aims to inform, educate, and entertain Chinese-speaking Australians with content relevant to them.

SBS PopAsia

SBS PopAsia radio plays the latest Asian pop music from artists across Asia and promotes contemporary Asian pop culture. It features Korean pop (K-pop), Japanese pop (J-pop), Chinese pop (C-pop), Taiwanese pop (T-pop), and more from China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore.

In addition to radio channels in various languages, SBS also offers podcasts, online streaming, and digital radio to provide greater accessibility and choice to listeners. By offering news, information, and entertainment in many languages, SBS Radio helps new migrants maintain connections to their culture and homelands as they settle into life in Australia.

 

The Importance of Multilingual Media Representation

Multilingual media plays an important role in promoting inclusion and diversity. When radio stations, TV channels, and other media outlets provide content in multiple languages, it gives more people the opportunity to access information and feel represented.

Accessibility and Representation

For linguistically diverse communities, multilingual media is crucial for accessibility. When content is only available in a primary language like English, it excludes those who aren’t proficient or prefer to engage in their native tongue. Offering media in a variety of languages allows more individuals to stay informed and connected.

Multilingual media also helps promote cultural diversity by spotlighting stories from different ethnic groups. Hearing languages and accents from around the world on the airwaves reminds us that Australia is a vibrant, multicultural society. Giving airtime to multicultural voices and content boosts visibility and inclusion.

Multilingual media encourages understanding between all groups, which is vital for a harmonious, multi-cultural nation like Australia.

The Strength of Language Diversity

Another key importance of multilingual media representation lies in the power of language variety.

When different languages are celebrated and promoted through media platforms, it fosters a sense of appreciation and respect for various cultures and languages.

Language is an essential part of one’s identity and heritage. By providing content in multiple languages, it allows individuals to connect with their roots, maintain cultural ties, and preserve their linguistic traditions.

It creates a space where people feel seen, heard, and validated in their language preferences.

Moreover, embracing language diversity through media representation encourages linguistic inclusivity and breaks down barriers. It promotes a society where people from different language backgrounds can communicate and understand each other better. 

By showcasing stories, news, and entertainment in various languages, multilingual media bridges the gap between communities, fostering a sense of unity and understanding.

Promotes Language Learning And Cultural Exchange

In addition, multilingual media representation encourages the acquisition of language skills and fosters cultural interchange. It serves as a valuable resource for individuals who are interested in exploring new languages and cultures. 

Through exposure to different languages, listeners and viewers are encouraged to broaden their horizons, develop empathy, and gain a deeper understanding of the world around them.

Creates Pathways for Economic Prospects

Another importance of multilingual media representation opens doors for economic opportunities. As globalization continues to connect different regions and markets, businesses recognize the importance of reaching diverse audiences.

By utilizing multilingual media platforms, companies can effectively communicate their messages to a wider range of potential customers, ultimately driving economic growth and fostering international collaborations.

The Future of SBS Radio and Multilingual Broadcasting 

The future of SBS Radio and multilingual broadcasting in Australia looks bright. As the population becomes more culturally and linguistically diverse, the demand for media in languages other than English will likely increase.

Growth of migrant communities

With steady immigration from non-English speaking backgrounds, Australia’s cultural diversity continues to grow. Migrant communities prefer to engage with media in their native languages, allowing them to stay connected to their cultural heritage. SBS Radio, as a public broadcaster, aims to serve these communities and give them a voice.

Funding and support

Government funding for SBS ensures it can provide radio services for minority groups that commercial stations may overlook. However, funding cuts threaten these services. Support from listeners and advocacy groups helps demonstrate their importance.

New platforms

SBS Radio already live streams all its stations and many podcasts are available on demand. As new platforms emerge, SBS can reach more listeners through smart speakers, mobile apps, and other devices. 

However, some older listeners still prefer traditional radio. SBS needs to utilize both new technologies and existing broadcast infrastructure. 

Not all migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds are as technologically proficient as one another. In a paper delivered by Pino Migliorino, a leading commentator and expert around cultural diversity, he found that there may be a high discrepancy between the digital capabilities of people from non-English speaking backgrounds, depending on their life experience.

For example, refugees and older migrants (23% of the Australian population aged over 65 years come from a migrant background) are typically not as digitally literate as skilled migrants.

A study conducted by Migliorino of skilled migrants of Indian descent revealed that an astonishing 94% of those interviewed use social media, whereas older CALD migrants are “generally unlikely to have received training in the use of many new technologies”  (Migliorino, 2016).

“Communication and the ability to access information are key components of any democracy – key factors in the process of allowing all citizens and residents to understand their rights and fulfil their responsibilities.”

(Migliorino, 2016)

 

Addressing isolation

For some elderly or housebound listeners, SBS Radio provides a vital source of news, information, and companionship in their language. Regular call-in shows also combat isolation by allowing listeners to connect with others in their community.

Promoting social cohesion

By giving a voice to diverse communities, SBS Radio helps promote inclusiveness and strengthens social bonds. When people can share experiences and engage in dialog, it fosters understanding and harmony between groups. Multilingual media plays an important role in shaping a cohesive multicultural society.

For CALD (culturally and linguistically diverse) people and communities, access to digital content is really important. It allows them to resource content for themselves, represent themselves to voice their concerns, and to share their experiences with each other by communicating amongst themselves

(Migliorino, 2016).

 

Conclusion: 

And so we see how Al Grassby’s vision and passion, combined with the lobbying efforts of ethnic communities, led to the creation of SBS Radio. Providing news and entertainment in over 60 languages, SBS Radio has been instrumental in helping new migrants maintain connections to their cultures and in fostering social bonds in Australia’s culturally diverse society. 

While the early years were a struggle, today SBS Radio continues to adapt to the changing face of Australia. It remains an essential service for hundreds of thousands of listeners from all walks of life who tune in each week to hear the familiar sounds of home. 

SBS stands as a shining example of the power of media to bring people together, promote inclusivity, and amplify diverse voices.

Through its commitment to multilingualism, professional development, and authentic storytelling, SBS continues to shape Australia’s media landscape, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s cultural identity. 

What stories or messages do you have to deliver? Who is your audience? Can your audience listen to your messages in a language they can understand?

 

Here at All Graduates, we are committed to working with our clients and the wider community to promote multilingual representation in media in all of its forms. We exist to help build bridges between cultures and to create a more inclusive society. 

Lastly, we believe that everyone has a story to tell, and we want to help everyone tell their story in their own language.

Find out how you can use multiple digital platforms and audio to connect with your customers and clients.

 

References:
  • The Connection Between Multilingualism and Business Success
  • The Importance of Representation in Film and Media by Lauren Washington
  • The importance of children’s representation in literature and media by Arianna Braga
  • 40 years of history, broadcast to you on SBS Radio
  • A Brief History of SBS

 

 

Have you ever had a misunderstanding with someone from a different culture? 

Ellias Appel
Ellias Appel | 4 Mar 2019

In our interconnected global landscape, businesses are no longer confined by borders. This makes navigating the intricate web of cross-cultural communication challenging, that’s why we came up with these key principles of cross-cultural communication in business. 

Australia, being a vibrant multicultural nation, understands the significance of effective cross-cultural communication in the world of business. Entrepreneurs are expanding their horizons and engaging with partners, clients, and customers from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Let us ask you a question: Have you ever had a misunderstanding with someone from a different culture? 

Chances are, you have. 

In this article, we delve into the heart of effective communication across cultures. We’ll explore the fundamental principles that bridge gaps, foster understanding, and create fruitful collaborations. From decoding non-verbal cues to embracing diversity, each principle is a stepping stone toward building strong international partnerships.

This comprehensive guide will unravel the complexities of cross-cultural communications tailored to meet the needs of businesses and entrepreneurs in Australia. 

What makes this guide valuable for Australians? – You might ask. 

The answer lies in the unique cultural tapestry of Australia itself—a nation that prides itself on its multicultural heritage. Australians, with their friendly and open-minded attitude, are well-placed to excel in global business ventures. By grasping these key principles, Australian entrepreneurs can not only expand their businesses overseas but also create inclusive environments right at home.

So are you ready to become a cross-cultural communication pro? 

Let’s dive in.

1 – Be Aware of Your Own Communication Style

The first among the key principles of cross-cultural communication in business is being aware. The way you communicate says a lot about you and your cultural values. As an Australian business owner, your style is likely casual, straightforward, and egalitarian. But for someone from a different culture, your communication habits could come across differently.

It’s important to recognize how your own beliefs and expectations shape the way you interact with others.

One of the key principles in cross-cultural communication is being aware of other people’s communication styles

Humans naturally tend to see people from different groups as outsiders. This tendency leads to forming stereotypes or generalizations, according to Gestalt theory.

Things you consider polite or efficient may be offensive or confusing to someone else. For example, gesturing for someone to hurry up or waving them off may seem rude to other cultures where non-verbal communication is more nuanced.

Do some self-reflection on your communication style and habits. Try to identify any assumptions you make about others and be open to different perspectives. This awareness and flexibility will help you better serve culturally diverse clients.

When interacting with non-English speakers especially, adjust your style to be more attentive, patient, and inclusive.

“It is important to be aware of your own values, beliefs, expectations and cultural practices, and consider how these impact on your responses, interactions and service provision to people from cultures different from your own.”

Queensland Department of Health.

 

2 –  Do Not Assume English Proficiency

When communicating with culturally diverse clients, never assume a high level of English proficiency. Many non-native English speakers experience anxiety when interacting in English, which can hamper their ability to communicate effectively.

If your client is smiling and nodding, it doesn’t always mean they fully understand. They might be doing it nervously to seem competent, not because they’re sure about what’s being said. 

To figure out if they need an interpreter, ask open-ended questions that need more than a yes or no answer. You can also ask them to explain what you’ve said in their own words. This isn’t meant to embarrass them but to see if they’re having trouble understanding.

Some signs that a client may have limited English proficiency include:

  • Avoiding eye contact. This could be a mark of respect in their culture rather than shyness.
  • Relying on a family member to interpret. While convenient, family members are not professional interpreters and may fail to fully convey critical information.
  • Difficulty understanding complex terms or following fast speech. Slow down your speaking pace and avoid jargon.
  • Expressing confusion or a lack of comprehension. Don’t hesitate to clarify and check for understanding.

a cartoon illustration of two guys talking to each other

To ensure your communications are received and understood, consider offering information in the client’s native language through channels like:

  • Bilingual staff members. If available, bilingual staff can help put clients at ease by communicating in their native tongue.
  • Professional interpreters. Don’t underestimate the value of a qualified interpreter, especially for sensitive or complex discussions.
  • Translated documents. Provide key information like intake forms, educational materials, or terms of service in the client’s native language.
  • Audio messages. For low-literacy clients or those without written language, recorded audio messages are an effective way to share details. Look for services that offer translation and distribution.

Failure to address language barriers and offer adequate language support can lead to anxiety, confusion, and lack of comprehension for non-English speaking clients. By making inclusiveness a priority and providing a variety of communication options, you’ll ensure all your clients receive the level of service they need.

3 – Don’t Equate English Skill with Intelligence

Just because your client struggles with English does not mean they lack intelligence or competence. Many highly educated professionals face challenges in learning a new language, especially one as complex as English. Do not make assumptions about someone’s mental abilities based solely on their English proficiency.

Rather than judging a client’s intelligence, focus on finding ways to effectively communicate. Using an interpreter or translation services allows you to have a meaningful dialogue and gain valuable insights. With patience and the right resources, you can have a productive working relationship regardless of language barriers.

The meaning and nuance of phrases often get lost in translation. Concepts common in English may be unfamiliar in other cultures and languages. For example, medical terms like “low-fat diet” or “high blood pressure” could confuse those without a healthcare background.

For instance, in Melbourne, we have something called ‘hook-turns,’ a unique maneuver for trams. When you translate this term into Arabic using Google Translate, it becomes ‘link turn.’ This highlights a scenario where not using the right language services could lead to more problems.

A client’s poor English skills often stem from a lack of opportunity or exposure, not a lack of intelligence. For many, learning English as a second language can be an immense challenge requiring time, dedication, and access to resources that are not always available.

Sandals, pluggers, flip flops, thongs

Sandals, pluggers, flip flops, thongs?

 

4 – Expecting Competent Literacy in their Native Language is a Mistake

Expecting your culturally diverse clients to have a high level of literacy in their native language is a mistake that can lead to confusion and anxiety. Many Australians struggle with literacy for a variety of reasons, and non-English speakers are no exception.

There is a reason why this is one of the key principles of cross-cultural communication because according to studies, over 30% of Australians from non-English speaking backgrounds might find it challenging to read and write in English. Just because someone speaks another language does not mean they can read or write in that language.

Do not assume that translating your communications into another language will be effective.

So what can you do?

Provide information in Multiple Formats

To reach all of your clients, provide information in various formats beyond the written word. Explaining things verbally, offering telephone messaging services, using graphics and illustrations, and sharing audio recordings can help get your message across.

For example, you might turn an info brochure into an audio message that can be accessed over the phone or shared on social media. Services like LiME allow you to record messages in multiple languages to reach non-English speaking clients across various channels.

Reduce anxiety by avoiding assumptions 


Non-English speakers often feel anxious when trying to communicate in English, especially in high-pressure situations like medical appointments or job interviews. Surrounding someone with complex language they struggle to understand can be intimidating and complicate their ability to communicate.

Take time to determine your client’s level of English proficiency and their preferred method of communication. Speaking slowly, avoiding jargon and complex terminology, and offering interpreter services or telephone messaging in their native language can help reduce anxiety and ensure your message is received.

Making assumptions about your clients’ abilities often leads to confusion, isolation, and failed communication. By providing information in multiple formats and taking steps to reduce anxiety, you can engage your culturally diverse and non-English speaking clients more effectively. Evaluate your current practices and make adjustments to accommodate people from all backgrounds.

 

“Multilingual messaging services such as LiME give you the flexibility to deliver pre-recorded audio to low literacy and non-English speaking clients across multiple communication channels”

 

5 – Failing to Involve an Interpreter

Failing to involve an interpreter when interacting with clients from non-English speaking backgrounds can be detrimental to effective communication and negatively impact their experience. This is why it is part of the key principles of cross-cultural communication in business. 

As a business, it is important to recognize that a client’s English proficiency should not be assumed, even if they appear reasonably fluent in conversational English.

Complex or technical discussions may prove challenging without the aid of a professional interpreter. An interpreter can help to clarify meaning, relay cultural nuances, and ensure full understanding between both parties. While relying on a bilingual staff member or family member can be an option, a qualified interpreter should be engaged in important interactions to avoid misunderstandings.

Remember, even with a shared language, cultural differences in communication styles can lead to confusion. Interpreters can explain subtle meanings that may otherwise be missed.

Consider your client’s needs

Put yourself in your client’s shoes. How would you feel surrounded by a group of professionals discussing a serious medical diagnosis or legal issue in a language you struggle with? Anxiety and confusion would likely ensue. Provide your clients with the means to fully comprehend discussions that impact them by offering interpreter services.

Enable Complete Involvement

With an interpreter on hand for important meetings and phone calls, you enable full participation from non-English speakers. They can ask questions, understand responses, and feel heard. Meanwhile, you gain insights that may have been lost without skilled interpretation.

Build trust through understanding

Taking steps to facilitate clear communication and address literacy needs helps to build trust in the client-business relationship. Your clients will appreciate your consideration of their circumstances and your willingness to go the extra mile to ensure they feel heard and understood. In turn, addressing communication barriers in this way can lead to greater client satisfaction, loyalty, and improved outcomes.

Making assumptions about a client’s communication needs based on their English proficiency or literacy levels risks misunderstandings, confusion, and a poor client experience. Failing to provide interpreter services or alternative formats denies clients full access and participation.

 For culturally and linguistically diverse clients, overcoming communication barriers is key to an empowering and impactful relationship with your business. With some forethought, these barriers can be addressed through professional interpreting services and multilingual messaging.

 

“We can help you best serve your non-English speaking and low literacy clients.”

 

6 – Engage in Meaningful Conversations

One of the key principles of cross-cultural communication is to immerse yourself in deep talks. 

To effectively communicate across cultures, engage in genuine conversations. Ask open-ended questions to start a dialog and show interest in learning about the other person.

A good way to start is by asking about family, work, hobbies, or home country. People will usually open up when you express interest in them. Listen without judgment and share information about yourself too, to build rapport and trust.

Be patient if there are language barriers. Speak clearly and avoid complicated words and idioms that may confuse the other person. Repeat or rephrase if needed. Don’t hesitate to politely ask for clarification if you’re unsure.

Discuss cultural similarities and differences respectfully. Share information about holidays, traditions, or values in your own culture and ask questions to learn about theirs. Find common ground and show appreciation for diversity.

Most of all, approach each conversation with an open and curious mind. Set aside stereotypes and preconceived notions. Treat each person as an individual and seek to understand them. Building connections through genuine, cross-cultural conversations is the key to successful communication and relationships.

7- Be Attentive to Non-Verbal Cues

When communicating across cultures, pay close attention to non-verbal signals. Things like eye contact, gestures, and body language can have different meanings in different cultures. For Australians, eye contact is usually seen as a sign of active listening and honesty. However, for some cultures, avoiding eye contact is a sign of respect.

Before assuming someone is being rude or disengaged, consider their cultural background. If they seem uncomfortable making eye contact, try to put them at ease by also averting your gaze at times. Look for other signs that they are listening, such as nodding or leaning in. Mirroring their body language and speaking in a calm, friendly tone can help build rapport.

key principles of cross-cultural communication: a thumbs-up gesture can mean differently across cultures

Similarly, be aware that gestures, facial expressions, and proximity to others can differ across cultures. A “thumbs up” sign, for example, is positive in some cultures but offensive in others. Do some research on the cultural groups you interact with often to understand appropriate behavior. When in doubt, a smile, a polite greeting, and an open-minded attitude can go a long way.

Give people time to respond, as it may take longer to translate in their head or formulate a response. Extend the normal pause time in a conversation by a few seconds. This can reduce the chance of misunderstandings and prevent cutting someone off before they’ve had a chance to contribute.

With empathy, patience, and a willingness to understand other perspectives, you’ll find connecting across cultures rewarding. Make the effort to pick up on non-verbal cues, adapt your communication style, and clarify misunderstandings. Your cross-cultural interactions will be richer and more meaningful as a result.

8- Respect Cultural Differences

When communicating across cultures, respecting differences is key. Assume that people from other cultures view the world differently than you. Their values, beliefs, and communication styles have been shaped by their cultural upbringing, just as yours have.

Rather than judging these differences as right or wrong, seek to understand them. Ask open-ended questions to learn about cultural traditions and norms. Be curious and willing to see from multiple perspectives. Some things that seem strange or illogical to you may make perfect sense within that cultural context.

For example, avoid direct eye contact or a firm handshake in some Asian cultures where it can be seen as disrespectful. In some Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander communities, avoid using someone’s name after they have passed away out of respect. Learn about cultural taboos and sensitivities that could offend.

Making assumptions based on stereotypes is dangerous and can damage relationships and trust. Treat each person as an individual. While trends may exist within cultures, there is diversity among individuals. Someone’s cultural background alone does not define them.

When miscommunications or misunderstandings occur, remain patient and respectful. Apologize sincerely and work to find common ground again. Compromise when possible, as forcing your way of doing things onto others is unethical.

With an open and willing attitude, you can build strong cross-cultural relationships based on mutual understanding and respect. Focus on listening, empathy, and finding shared values. Respect differences rather than trying to eliminate them. Communicate with care, compassion, and cultural sensitivity. This inclusive approach will lead to more meaningful exchanges and cooperation.

9- Utilise Professional Translators

The last of the key principles of cross-cultural communication in the business arena is utilising the services of professional translators. 

When conducting business across cultures, professional language services are invaluable. Utilising interpreters and translators help ensure your message is received accurately by those from diverse linguistic backgrounds.

As a business, it’s important to recognize that not all of your clients and customers will speak English fluently or at all. Assuming otherwise risks miscommunication and damaged relationships. 

Instead of relying on staff members with some language proficiency or expecting clients to “make do,” invest in professional interpreters and translators. They have the expertise to navigate cultural nuances and properly convey information in both directions.

For written communications, professional translators transform your content into the target languages of your audience. 

They go beyond word-for-word translation to craft messaging that resonates culturally. Your organization appears more accessible and inclusive, which fosters goodwill and loyalty.

Some additional benefits of utilizing language services such as translators include:

  • Avoiding confusion and offense by ensuring messages are culturally and linguistically appropriate.
  • Gaining access to wider markets by reaching non-English speaking clients and customers.
  • Improving client satisfaction through ease of access and understanding.
  • Mitigating legal risks associated with miscommunication.
  • Enhancing workplace inclusiveness by empowering employees from diverse language backgrounds.

With many options for remote and on-site interpreting and document translation, professional language services have never been more convenient or vital for cross-cultural business communication. 

Make the investment in your organization’s multilingual capacity—and in showing respect for the diversity of your clients and customers. The rewards of clear, meaningful exchange are well worth it.

Conclusion

You’ve just learned some key ways to connect across cultural divides and thrive in our global economy.

As we reach the conclusion, it’s clear that understanding these key principles of cross-cultural communication in business is not just a choice, but a necessity in today’s globalized world. Now that you understand how to adapt your communication style, build trust, avoid stereotyping, encourage feedback, and foster inclusion, you’re well on your way to becoming an effective cross-cultural communicator.

Mastering these key principles of cross-cultural communication opens doors to endless opportunities in the international business arena. Apply these principles in your workplace and beyond, continue learning from every interaction, and make the effort to understand different perspectives. 

With an open and curious mindset, you’ll be collaborating, innovating, and achieving at a whole new level.

Moreover, we’ve learned that effective cross-cultural communication begins with embracing diversity. Australia’s rich multicultural fabric provides a strong foundation for this understanding. By acknowledging and celebrating our differences, we create an environment where collaboration and innovation flourish.

Armed with knowledge, empathy, and a commitment to understanding others, people here at All Graduates are well-equipped to navigate the intricate pathways of cross-cultural communication. We embrace these principles, celebrate diversity, and venture forth into helping the global marketplace with confidence, knowing that our services will not only drive business success but also foster a world where mutual respect and understanding prevail.

Let us be your partner as we wish you safe travels on your cross-cultural business journey and endeavour. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Why is it important for Australian businesses to understand cross-cultural communication?

Understanding cross-cultural communication is vital for Australian businesses due to the nation’s multicultural landscape. Effective communication fosters trust and collaboration with partners, clients, and customers from diverse cultural backgrounds, enabling companies to thrive in the global market.

How can I become more aware of my own communication style?

Increasing awareness of your communication style involves self-reflection and openness to different perspectives. Recognise how your cultural values influence your interactions and be mindful of assumptions you may hold. Adjust your style to be more inclusive and accommodating, especially when engaging with culturally diverse clients.

Why should I not assume English proficiency when communicating with culturally diverse clients?

Assuming English proficiency can lead to misunderstandings and hinder effective communication. Many non-native English speakers may experience language anxiety, impacting their ability to understand and articulate themselves fully. By avoiding assumptions and providing language support, businesses can ensure clear and inclusive communication.

Is expecting competent literacy in a client’s native language a mistake?

Expecting high literacy levels in a client’s native language can be a mistake, as literacy rates vary among individuals. Providing information in multiple formats beyond written text, such as audio recordings and graphics, ensures accessibility for clients with diverse literacy levels, enhancing communication effectiveness.

Why is it essential to involve a professional interpreter in cross-cultural communication?

Involving a professional interpreter is crucial for effective communication, as it ensures accuracy, clarity, and cultural sensitivity. Relying solely on bilingual staff or family members may result in misunderstandings, while professional interpreters facilitate meaningful dialogue and build trust between parties.

References
  • Australia. Queensland Health. Queensland Health Language Services Policy [online] 2000 [cited July 2007]
  • When Culture Doesn’t Translate by Erin Meyer. Published in Harvard Business Review, 2015
  • Working on Common Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges by Marcelle E. DuPraw and Marya Axner
  • The 5 Keys to Cross-Cultural Communication Success by Bianca Modo, 2023